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Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, SwitzerlandFaculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, SwitzerlandDivision of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
The purposes of this study were to investigate a radiographic sign found on coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in subscapularis (SSC) pathology, reporting interobserver reliability data and sensitivity and specificity; and to correlate the preoperative assessment of SSC pathology with intraoperative assessment of the SSc during shoulder arthroscopy.
Methods
A consecutive series of patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from January 2020 to December 2020 were examined. The positive diagnosis of a subscapularis tendon tear was prospectively determined and confirmed by arthroscopy. The “digitation sign” was assessed by 3 independent shoulder-trained fellows when evaluating the SSC in the coronal plane on T2-weighted images.
Results
Of the 132 patients included, 74 (56%) had SSC tendon tears confirmed during arthroscopy. Interobserver agreement for digitation sign was substantial (k= 0.640). Sensitivity for digitation sign only was 74.3%; for criteria of Adams et al. (Accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting a subscapularis tendon tear based on arthroscopy; Arthroscopy 2010;26:1427-1433) only, 83.8%; and for the combination of the 2 methods, 89.2%. Specificity was 84.5% for digitation sign only, 77.6% for Adams et al. criteria only, and 67.2% for the combination of the 2 methods. Sensitivity is statistically better when the digitation sign is added to the Adams et al. criteria for detection of SSC lesions. As expected, specificity is statistically lower. SSC tears are significantly associated with biceps lesions.
Conclusion
Preoperative systematic MRI evaluation by shoulder surgeons can diagnose subscapularis lesions by using the digitation sign in the coronal plane along with Adams et al. criteria, leading to good sensitivity. This easy-to-apply sign can be helpful in the initial MRI evaluation in the coronal plane, with improved sensitivity when combined with a systematic approach.
Level of Evidence
II, study of diagnostic test.
Reliable preoperative assessment of subscapularis (SSC) tears remains challenging because of limited sensitivity with physical examination maneuvers
Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. Comparison of ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings in seventy-one consecutive cases.
Little inter- and intraobserver agreement is observed in the classification of subscapularis tendon tears, and there is significantly higher agreement based on arthroscopic evaluation rather than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Recognition of SSC tears on MRI is likely underestimated owing to the anatomy of the SSC insertion and its proximity to the ligamentous anatomy of the biceps pulley.
Rotator cuff tear characteristics: How comparable are the pre-operative MRI findings with intra-operative measurements following debridement during arthroscopic repair?.
The SSC has 4 to 6 tendinous slips arising from the multipennate muscle that coalesce to form a robust flattened tendon in the superior two-thirds of the muscle, which attach to the lesser tuberosity.
Functional anatomy of the superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments and the subscapularis tendon in view of stabilization of the long head of the biceps tendon.
SSC tears are typically assessed on axial and sagittal sequences and can manifest with interrupted continuity of the tendon and signal hyperintensity on the T2-weighted images.
To improve the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of SSC tears based on first-time MRI analyses, various systematic approaches and sequences have been attempted.
used axial and sagittal MRI images to define a set of criteria to more reliably diagnose SSC tears confirmed during shoulder arthroscopy. Although this approach improved their previously reported recognition of SSC pathology, 27% of SSC tears were still not identified on MRI.
The purposes of this study were to investigate a radiographic sign found on coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in subscapularis (SSC) pathology, reporting interobserver reliability data and sensitivity and specificity, and to correlate the preoperative assessment of SSC pathology with an intraoperative assessment of the SSC during shoulder arthroscopy. We hypothesized that, in the presence of SSC pathology, the normal
Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. Comparison of ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings in seventy-one consecutive cases.
distinct tendinous slips of SSC defining clear digitations would be disrupted on T2-weighted coronal oblique sequences.
Methods
Study Design
This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively enrolled series of consecutive patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair performed by a single surgeon (L.N.) from January 2020 to December 2020. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles and was approved by the local institutional ethics review board (IRB COS-RGDS-2020-12-005); all patients gave informed written consent. The inclusion criteria required that all patients had a preoperative MRI within 18 months of surgery, were age >18 years, and underwent primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Furthermore, although several different MRI protocols were used by referring physicians, all protocols needed to have T2-weighted coronal oblique, axial, and sagittal oblique sequences and T1-weighted sequences to be included. Correct sequences were extracted and validated by 1 fellow (A.N.) from preoperative DICOMS, and then interpreted by the 2 other fellows (Y.S., M.N.). The positive diagnosis of a subscapularis tendon tear was prospectively determined by the senior surgeon and confirmed by arthroscopy. Patient demographics included age, sex, and operative side.
MRI Interpretation
All MRI scans were interpreted independently by 3 orthopedic fellows trained in shoulder surgery, who were blinded from the arthroscopic findings. The fellows were trained by the senior surgeon and instructed in a systematic method
upon their arrival at the fellowship. First, images were analyzed together until 100% agreement was reached between the senior surgeon and the fellow so that the latter could perform their analyses individually. DICOMS were examined with RadiAnt DICOM Viewer 2020.2.2.
criteria, the SSC was evaluated in axial, sagittal oblique, and coronal oblique planes. Tears were considered positive if the continuity of the subscapularis tendon was interrupted or signal hyperintensity was present on the T2-weighted images inside the tendon structure. In addition, tears of the involved rotator cuff tendons were recorded descriptively. To be close to real-life conditions, every MRI protocol meeting the above requirements was accepted.
The “digitation sign” was assessed when evaluating the SSC in the coronal plane on T2-weighted images. A normal appearance was defined as having ≥2 distinctly visible tendinous bands (1 superior and 1 inferior) that coalesced into a single anatomic structure all the way to the proximal aspect of the lesser tuberosity (Fig. 1). Additional inferior tendinous bands could be observed. If ≥1 (typically superior) tendinous bands were not visible at the level of the lesser tuberosity on T2-weighted coronal oblique images, the digitation sign was defined as positive (Fig. 2). A normal appearance of the SSC with all its digitations was considered a negative digitation sign.
Fig 1Coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subscapularis view in right shoulder. No lesion is suspected with complete digitations; digitation sign is considered negative.
Fig 2Coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subscapularis view in right shoulders. Subscapularis lesions are suspected with incomplete digitations; digitation sign is considered positive. A, grade II; B, grade III; C, grade IV. Grades were defined perioperatively according to French Society for Arthroscopy (SFA) and Lafosse et al. classifications.
All patients underwent primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by a senior shoulder surgeon (L.N.). Shoulder arthroscopy was performed in the beach chair position under general anesthesia after preoperative interscalene block. Standard diagnostic arthroscopy was accomplished through a posterior viewing portal. Evaluation of the SSC was carried out with a 30° arthroscope as previously described.
This measurement represented an ordinal measure of subscapularis tendon tear size and is based on the proximal-to-distal distance. In the case of a “hidden” lesion, the biceps gutter was debrided for later biceps tenodesis, as previously described.
Concomitant shoulder pathology, including glenohumeral joint arthritis, biceps pathology, and labral lesions, was also reported. In the setting of biceps pathology, a suprapectoral tenodesis was performed with an interference screw.
targeting a statistical power of 80% with a significance level of 5% and an estimated prevalence of 50%. A sample of ≥122 shoulders was determined. Considering sample loss, we decided to include 132 shoulders.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted comparing SSC tendon tears recognized during shoulder arthroscopy (gold standard) to those diagnosed preoperatively by MRI. In addition, descriptive data analysis was conducted depending on the nature of the considered criteria. For quantitative data, this included number of observed values, mean, standard deviation, median, and minimum and maximum. For qualitative data, this included the number of observed values and the number and percentage of patients per class. Comparison between variables was assessed using chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Student’s t test or Wilcoxon test for quantitative variables. Normality of variables was checked. Fleiss’s κ coefficient and standard error were calculated to measure interobserver agreement between 3 raters. The values of κ were interpreted as follows: <0, poor agreement; 0.01 to 0.20, slight agreement; 0.21 to 0.40, fair agreement; 0.41 to 0.60, moderate agreement; 0.61 to 0.80, substantial agreement; and 0.81 to 1.00, almost perfect agreement. Comparisons for sensitivity and specificity were performed with a McNemar test. All calculations were made with SAS for Windows (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC), with the level of statistical significance set at P < .05.
Results
Population Characteristics
Of the 197 patients enrolled, 43 had a computed tomography (CT) arthrogram preoperatively, 21 had no complete available DICOM series, and 1 had previous surgery on the examined shoulder. Sixty-five patients were therefore excluded from the study. Of the 132 patients included, 74 (56%) had SSC tendon tears confirmed during arthroscopy. The demographics of the patients are presented in Table 1. The groups were similar.
Table 1Demographic characteristics
Characteristic
Entire Population
SSC Tears Group
Intact SSC group
P Value
n
132
74
58
Sex
.214
Female
48
23
25
Male
84
51
33
Age (years)
58 (28, 82)
59 (41, 82)
57 (28, 78)
.181
Operated side
.956
Right
85
48
37
Left
47
26
21
Laterality
630
Right
127
71
57
Left
4
3
1
Delay between presentation and surgery (mo)
3.1 (0, 18)
2.7 (0, 11)
3.5 (0, 18)
.181
Data are mean (minimum, maximum) or n, unless specified otherwise.
criteria only, and 66 (89.2%) with the combination of the 2 methods. Forty-nine (84.5%) intact SSC tendons were correctly diagnosed with digitation sign only, 45 (77.6%) with Adams et al.
criteria only, and 39 (67.2%) with the combination of the 2 methods. Sensitivity is statistically better when the digitation sign is added to the Adams et al.
criteria were more accurate than digitation sign in diagnosing lower-grade SSC lesions; however, both methods combined yielded the highest sensitivity.
Table 4Detection of subscapularis (SSC) tears according to lesion grade
The principal findings of this study show that preoperative systematic MRI evaluation by orthopedic surgeons can successfully diagnose subscapularis lesions by using the digitation sign in the coronal plane in conjunction with Adams et al.
The present study describes a simple MRI sign in the coronal plane, the digitation sign, with substantial interobserver reliability, good proper specificity, and improved sensitivity when added to Adams et al.
It is important to note that intraoperative assessment of partial SSC tears can often be challenging to identify and have therefore been referred to as “hidden lesions.”
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detection of tears and instability of proximal long head of biceps tendon: An evaluation of 100 shoulders compared with arthroscopy.
Rotator cuff tear characteristics: How comparable are the pre-operative MRI findings with intra-operative measurements following debridement during arthroscopic repair?.
found an excellent specificity of 100% in 52 SSC tears in 120 patients when diagnosed by radiologists. With a standardized approach to MRI reading, however, they found similar results between surgeons and radiologists regarding the accuracy in diagnosing SSC lesions, provided that the radiologists were musculoskeletal radiologists in majority.
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detection of tears and instability of proximal long head of biceps tendon: An evaluation of 100 shoulders compared with arthroscopy.
noted that an unsure radiologist or surgeon might not express their doubts and be elusive in the report, which can lead to the exclusion of most challenging cases, resulting in bias and overestimating diagnostic measures.
Despite the high specificity reported, Adams et al.
Accuracy of sagittal oblique view in preoperative indirect magnetic resonance arthrography for diagnosis of tears involving the upper third of the subscapularis tendon.
observed an overall sensitivity of 82.2%; specificity of 92.1%; positive and negative predictive values of 87.1% and 88.9%, respectively; and accuracy of 88.2%. They did not perform an interobserver analysis allowing for comparison and reproducibility of the data collected from analyzing the preoperative imaging.
The digitation sign by itself has a sensitivity of 74.3% and a specificity of 84.5%, based on shoulder-trained fellows’ analysis. However, our systematic approach, combining digitation sign and Adams et al.
with 56% having SSC tears. This can be explained by the attention of the senior surgeon to hidden lesions and systematically looking for SSC tears associated with biceps lesions by opening the biceps gutter.
also concluded that partial-thickness tears (less than one third of tendon width) were easily missed, and that there was increased sensitivity to the type of lesion, with a 100% sensitivity for type IV and V lesions according to Lafosse et al.
We suggest using the digitation sign as a quick first-look tool during MRI analysis because of the difficulty in diagnosing small SSC lesions (Lafosse et al. I or II and SFA 1 or 2).
are in accordance with the idea that SSC tears can be diagnosed with several systematic criteria, obtaining the best sensitivity.
Lack of homogeneity may be closer to the daily practice of most shoulder surgeons with patients being referred with different MRIs. Our results are consistent with other similar studies in the literature,
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detection of tears and instability of proximal long head of biceps tendon: An evaluation of 100 shoulders compared with arthroscopy.
Accuracy of sagittal oblique view in preoperative indirect magnetic resonance arthrography for diagnosis of tears involving the upper third of the subscapularis tendon.
however, showing that the analysis of MRIs depends strongly on the observer. In contrast, our systematic approach to MRI interpretation is reproducible (k= 0.640) and can be used with standard MRI protocols of different institutions in daily practice. This protocol was designed with shoulder-trained fellows and can be helpful for young surgeons in their preoperative evaluation. Our higher SSC tear prevalence (56%) may also reflect a systematic arthroscopic evaluation for hidden lesions.
Limitations
This study had several limitations. First, the analysis was retrospective. There was an 18-month delay between MRI and surgery. Furthermore, there were only 3 shoulder trained fellows from different institutions but no radiologist interpreting the MRIs, and there was no intraobserver agreement analysis. Different MRI protocols were used in each radiology institution, which might impair MRI analysis. Our interobserver analysis reveals a globally poor interevaluation between the 3 observers.
Conclusions
Preoperative systematic MRI evaluation by shoulder surgeons can diagnose subscapularis lesions by using the digitation sign in the coronal plane with Adams et al.
criteria, leading to good sensitivity. This easy-to-apply sign can be helpful in the initial MRI evaluation in the coronal plane, with improved sensitivity when combined with a systematic approach.
Acknowledgments
FORE (Foundation for Research and Teaching in Orthopaedics, Sports Medicine, Trauma and Imaging in the Musculoskeletal System), grant number FORE 2021-13.
Detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. Comparison of ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopic findings in seventy-one consecutive cases.
Rotator cuff tear characteristics: How comparable are the pre-operative MRI findings with intra-operative measurements following debridement during arthroscopic repair?.
Functional anatomy of the superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments and the subscapularis tendon in view of stabilization of the long head of the biceps tendon.
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for detection of tears and instability of proximal long head of biceps tendon: An evaluation of 100 shoulders compared with arthroscopy.
Accuracy of sagittal oblique view in preoperative indirect magnetic resonance arthrography for diagnosis of tears involving the upper third of the subscapularis tendon.
The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: A.L. reports founder, BeeMed, Med4cast. L.N. reports personal fees, Wright, Arthrex. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
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