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Address correspondence to Jalal Odeh, M.D., Orthopaedic Training Programme, Oman Medical Specialties Board, PO Box 1948, PC 130, Al Azaiba, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
To report the functional and radiologic outcomes of meniscal repair healing in a cohort of patients with a high demand for loaded extreme flexion angles after undergoing meniscal repair.
Methods
We performed a retrospective clinical and radiologic evaluation of patients who perform extreme knee flexion activities on a daily basis at a minimum follow-up of 2 years after meniscal repair. International Knee Documentation Committee, Lysholm, and Tegner scores were obtained, and clinical examinations and radiologic (magnetic resonance imaging and radiography) evaluations were performed.
Results
Of 47 eligible patients, 39 patients (40 knees) were available for review with an average follow-up time of 5 years (range, 2-9 years). The average age was 26.7 years (range, 19-39 years); 38 patients were men. The average time from injury to surgery was 20.9 months (range, 3 days to 120 months). Associated anterior cruciate ligament injury was present in 31 knees, but only 20 underwent simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament surgery. The mean International Knee Documentation Committee score was 88.9 (range, 53-99). The mean Lysholm score was 90.9 (range, 48-100). The mean Tegner activity level dropped from 6.18 before injury to 5.51 at the time of evaluation. According to the Barrett criteria for clinical outcomes, complete healing was observed in 29 of 40 knees (72.5%). There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional outcomes and the clinical outcomes (P = .008). On magnetic resonance imaging, 22 of 38 knees (57.9%) showed completely healed menisci.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that loaded deep knee flexion may be safe after a period of restricted rehabilitation, and clinical and radiologic tissue healing is independent of the overall functional outcome.
Level of Evidence
Level IV, case series with subgroup analysis.
Meniscal tears are common knee injuries in active youth.
A better understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the meniscus and greater awareness of the deleterious effects of meniscectomy have led to calls for tissue preservation to prevent or delay the onset of knee arthrosis.
Improvements in training, arthroscopic technology, and surgical techniques, as well as greater options of suture devices, have made meniscal repair a much simpler task.
Comprehensive management of meniscal tears should be based on the pathoanatomic features of the tear as well as the functional demands of the patient. The literature is replete with information relating to the effects of meniscal tear type, repair site, and patient age on the success of repair.
On the other hand, there is a lack of basic information concerning the knee position's impact during various daily activities on meniscal repair and healing. Deep flexion movements beyond 90° (e.g., squatting and kneeling) are important movements for daily living activities and are common among many populations.
studied mechanical loading during activities requiring deep flexion and showed its influence on pathologic joint changes. They emphasized the importance of considering the magnitude of the forces generated during deep flexion activities when performing meniscal repair procedures. Despite this, there is little published evidence on the clinical effects of deep knee flexion after meniscal repair.
Repairs of meniscal tears are frequently performed along with other knee procedures such as anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Immediate range of motion (ROM) after meniscal repair is considered an import factor in rehabilitation. Spang et al.
reviewed the biomechanical and biological aspects of existing evidence regarding ROM restrictions after meniscal repair, and they found that the quality of evidence is low, with no consensus regarding how much knee flexion can be allowed. Lin et al.
simulated open-chain exercises at high flexion angles and studied their effect on meniscal repair separation. They concluded that nonrestrictive, resistance-free open-chain motion protocols do not place undue stress on the repaired meniscus.
Asian populations spend a significant length of time, frequently during the day, squatting and kneeling for social and religious activities.
These activities load the knee in full flexion accompanied by extreme internal or external rotation exerting high shear and torsional forces on the joint structures (Fig 1).
The purpose of this study was to report the functional and radiologic outcomes of meniscal repair healing in a cohort of patients with a high demand for loaded extreme flexion angles after undergoing meniscal repair. We hypothesized that regular extreme knee flexion would adversely affect the medium-term survivorship and functional outcomes of meniscal repair.
Fig 1Demonstration of deep knee flexion positions necessary in activities of daily living of study group.
After institutional review board (reference No. SQU-EC/119/17), eligible patients were called for evaluation. Target patients who underwent surgery between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2018, were identified from hospital records for this retrospective study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
Age < 40 yr at time of surgery
Both sexes
Meniscal tear involving posterior horn of either meniscus
Minimum follow-up period of 2 yr; no or mild degenerative changes at time of surgery
Must squat and sit on floor with knee in full flexion on regular basis for daily total of ≥2 h (refer to Fig 2), with screening of patients using the following questions:
Do you eat ≥2 meals while sitting on the floor?
Do you sit on the floor to read or play card or board games?
Do you conduct kneeling prayer on the floor for a daily total of ≥1 h?
Are you able to use an Eastern-style toilet?
Exclusion criteria
Age ≥ 40 yr at time of surgery
Does not squat and sit on floor with knee in full flexion on regular basis for daily total of ≥2 h
Tears not involving posterior horns of menisci
Meniscal root tears
Underwent surgery on same knee after meniscal repair
Trauma or injury to same limb after meniscal repair needing medical intervention
Moderate or advanced degenerative changes at time of surgery
All surgical procedures were performed under tourniquet control by 1 surgeon (S.a.M.) in 2 centers: a university teaching hospital and a private hospital. Meniscal repair was performed using nonabsorbable sutures by the all-inside method with the Meniscal Cinch (Arthrex, Naples, FL) for the posterior horn in all knees. In addition, inside-out (9 knees) and outside-in (6 knees) techniques were used. No bioactivating adjuncts, such as platelet-rich plasma, venous blood clots, or bone marrow stimulation, were used. The quadrupled hamstring tendon autograft technique (GraftLink all-inside technique; Arthrex) was used when ACLR was performed. A few fresh proximal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears underwent primary repair.
Rehabilitation Protocol
Postoperatively, knees were protected with a hinged brace (6 weeks for isolated repairs and 3 months for ACLR) and patients were instructed to ambulate with minimal weight bearing using crutches and to avoid knee flexion beyond 90° for 6 weeks. They were advised to return to normal socioreligious activities 6 months after surgery.
Evaluation Details
After informed written consent was obtained, patients were assessed as follows: patient-reported outcome scores (subjective International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC] score, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity level scale) were recorded. The clinical criteria of Barrett et al.
were used to evaluate clinical healing, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and radiographs were used to evaluate radiologic healing and outcomes.
A trained clinician (J.O.) (other than the operating surgeon) and a qualified musculoskeletal physiotherapist (M.a.H.) independently obtained the outcome scores and carried out the clinical examinations. Two musculoskeletal radiologists (S.R. and A.M.) reported the findings of the MRI scans and radiographs in consensus.
MRI Protocol
MRI scanning of the knee joint was performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using a phased-array knee coil. After 3 plane localizers were obtained, multiplanar images were obtained using the following sequences: proton density–weighted fat-suppressed turbo spin echo in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes; T1 turbo spin echo in the coronal plane; and turbo inversion recovery magnitude in the sagittal plane. All the images were acquired with a slice thickness of 3 to 4 mm, field of view ranging from 160 to 172 mm, and matrix resolution of at least 256 × 256. An arthrogram was not included in the protocol.
The MRI scans were read by 2 senior musculoskeletal radiologists (S.R. and A.M.) in consensus. Both the radiologists were provided with the surgical history and the site of meniscal repair. Preoperative MRI scans were also available for review. The radiologists were not provided with the clinical evaluation details. A retear was diagnosed when the site of repair showed a fluid-like signal extending into the superior or inferior articular surface on T2-weighted images. Other MRI criteria for retear were as follows: (1) change in the meniscal signal pattern with the presence of a new signal abnormality or orientation different from the primary tear pattern on baseline MRI, (2) displaced meniscal fragment, and (3) irregular size and/or contour in the absence of meniscectomy. The absence of a fluid-like signal at the site of repair on proton density or T2-weighted images was considered to indicate a healed meniscus.
The correlation between continuous variables was assessed using the Spearman ρ. Comparisons between continuous variables and binary categories were performed with the Mann-Whitney U test. For comparisons between categorical variables, the Fisher exact test was used. The significance level was set to P ≤ .05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 25; IBM, Armonk, NY).
Results
A total of 671 arthroscopic knee procedures were performed from January 1, 2009, to June 30, 2018; meniscal repair was performed in a total of 120 patients. Of these patients, 47 met the inclusion criteria, but only 39 patients (40 knees) were available for evaluation (Fig 2). The injury was sports related in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 5 years (range, 2-9 years). Table 2 summarizes the patients’ demographic characteristics and injury patterns. Because of delays in presentation to our clinic, the average time from injury to surgery was 20.9 months (range, 3 days to 120 months; mode, 12 months). An isolated meniscal tear was present in 9 knees (22.5%). A concomitant ACL injury was present in 31 knees (77.5%), of which 18 (58.1%) underwent ACLR and meniscal repair, whereas 2 knees (6.5%) with fresh femoral end ACL avulsion underwent both primary ACL and meniscal repairs. Eleven patients (11 knees) declined ACLR and underwent only meniscal repair because either they presented acutely with a locked knee and were not prepared for prolonged ACLR rehabilitation or they were troubled only by locking or pseudo-locking episodes without any instability.
Fig 2Filtration flow diagram showing patient selection process and surgical procedures performed in patients. (ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; ACLR, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; OA, osteoarthritic.)
The mean IKDC score was 88.9 (range, 53-99). The mean Lysholm score was 90.9 (range, 48-100), whereby 25 patients (64.1%) had excellent results and 9 patients (23.1%) had good results. The mean Tegner activity level dropped from 6.18 before injury to 5.51 at the time of evaluation (statistically significant difference, with P = .001). According to the Barrett criteria for clinical outcomes, complete healing was observed in 29 of 40 knees (72.5%). There was a statistically significant correlation between the functional outcomes and the clinical outcomes (P = .008).
Only 38 knee MRI scans were performed because 2 patients did not attend their MRI appointments. On MRI, 22 knees (57.9%) had Crues grades 0 to 2, indicating healed menisci; 16 knees (42.1%) had grade 3 and were considered not healed. Plain radiographs were taken of 37 operated knees and showed a mean KL grade of 2 (range, 0-3; mode, 2) compared with 29 radiographs of the nonoperated knees with a mean grade of 1 (range, 0-3; mode, 1).
The clinical (Barrett) and MRI healing rates in the ACLR group were 88.9% (16 of 18 patients) and 61.1% (11 of 18 patients), respectively. The clinical (Barrett) and MRI healing rates in the group undergoing only meniscal repair with an ACL injury were 63.6% (7 of 11 patients) and 36.4% (4 of 11 patients), respectively. Nine patients had an isolated meniscal tear with an intact ACL. The clinical and MRI healing rates for patients with isolated meniscal tears were 66.6% (6 of 9 patients) and 55.5% (5 of 9 patients), respectively. The average time from injury to surgery was 20 months in patients who achieved clinical (Barrett) healing compared with 24.8 months in those who did not heal. On MRI, the average time for patients who achieved healing was 17.7 months versus 31.9 months for those who did not heal. Neither of these differences was statistically significant (P = .508 and P = .139, respectively). Table 3 summarizes the associations between the functional outcome scores and the healing rate (clinical and MRI), as well as the relation to the time interval between injury and surgery.
Table 3Associations Between Functional Outcome Scores and Healing Rates
Our study has shown that good clinical success rates can be obtained at an average of 5 years after meniscal repair in populations demanding loaded extreme knee flexion and rotation, even without consideration of the time gap from injury to surgery. Despite the high flexion demand that creates excessive forces on the menisci's posterior horns and the chronicity of the tears, 87.2% of our patients reported good or excellent results according to the Lysholm knee score and the average IKDC score was 88.9—findings that are comparable to published results in other populations.
found that all 17 patients with incompletely healed repairs reported clinically successful results. Recent advances in suturing materials and techniques have allowed applications of complex suture configurations and repair of complex tears, providing stronger and more durable repairs, resulting in greater stability of the repaired tissues. Lin et al.
described deformation of the meniscus during knee flexion in a cadaveric study, which permits the interaction between the femur and meniscus. They concluded that the knee kinematics of a repaired meniscus closely resemble that of an intact meniscus and the rigid repair can tolerate nonrestrictive, resistance-free open-chain ROM protocols. In a meta-analysis of all-inside and inside-out meniscal repair techniques, Kang et al.
found success rates between 70.8% and 93.3%, concluding that different techniques were equally effective. Although our patients underwent a cautious rehabilitation protocol, we are unable to make any conclusions about the effect of this on our results. Of 18 articles undergoing a literature review, 14 advised a delayed return to sport after meniscal repair by 3 to 6 months.
However, the authors concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that accelerated rehabilitation and an early return to sports jeopardize the success rate of meniscal repair.
The discrepancy between radiologic (MRI) and clinical (Barrett) healing rates (57.9% and 72.5%, respectively) is in keeping with the findings of most published studies. In their post-repair MRI and second-look arthroscopic study, Miao et al.
reported that the diagnostic accuracy of all modalities of conventional MRI was below 70%. They also noted that MRI’s diagnostic accuracy improved with extended time intervals after meniscal repair. It is not always easy to differentiate between the high signal of fibrovascular and fibrocartilaginous repair tissue and the fluid signal of an unhealed tear (Figs 3 and 4).
Arthroscopic all-inside meniscal repair—Does the meniscus heal? A clinical and radiological follow-up examination to verify meniscal healing using a 3-T MRI.
using magnetic resonance arthrogram and computed tomography arthrogram, improved the rate of diagnosis of healing to 75% as opposed to 50% on conventional MRI. In an elegantly designed study, Yamasaki at al.
compared conventional MRI and colored MRI T2 mapping of the repair site with the gold standard of second-look arthroscopy. Colored MRI T2 mapping accurately assessed the degree of healing at the repair site with high degrees of sensitivity and specificity. The high false-positive rate of T2-weighted images on conventional MRI must be borne in mind when counseling patients about the state of the repair and further planned interventions.
Fig 3Proton density fat-suppressed sagittal magnetic resonance images without contrast in a 30-year-old patient with right knee trauma and an anterior cruciate ligament tear. (A) The preoperative sagittal scan shows a linear vertical fluid signal intensity (blue arrow) in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus consistent with a vertical tear. (B) The post–meniscal repair scan shows complete resolution of the vertical tear (yellow arrow).
Fig 4Proton density fat-suppressed sagittal magnetic resonance images without contrast in a 28-year-old patient with right knee trauma. (A) The preoperative sagittal scan shows a linear vertical and oblique fluid signal intensity (blue arrow) in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus consistent with a complex tear. (B) The post–meniscal repair scan shows increased fluid signal intensity (yellow arrow) at the site of repair, representing an unhealed tear.
noted that “location (red-red, red-white, or coexistence) was the only factor associated with complete healing of the meniscus.” The vast injury-to-surgery time range of 3 days to 120 months in our small and heterogeneous group may be a factor in detecting any trends. ACLR in conjunction with meniscal repair is expected to have higher healing rates. Some reports have estimated a clinical success rate greater than 90% at 2-year follow-up.
Our study has shown better outcomes in patients who underwent ACLR compared with those who rejected ACLR in cases of concomitant ACL injury. Although this difference was not statistically significant, it does suggest that asymptomatic ACL injury may influence the meniscal repair outcome and, possibly, the long-term longevity of the knee.
Our patients' average KL grade was 2 compared with 1 in the contralateral knees. It is not possible to draw any firm conclusions from this finding, however. It must be noted that 84% of the knees that underwent radiography had an associated ACL injury, and 11 patients refused to undergo ACLR. It is well documented that combined ACL and meniscal injuries result in radiographic degenerative changes at 10 to 20 years after injury.
Only 53.5% of our patients were able to return to their preinjury sporting level. Previous reports have shown a drop in the postoperative Tegner score even in professional athletes.
assessing preinjury and postoperative Tegner scores.
Limitations
This study is limited by its retrospective nature, the heterogeneity and low number of patients, the lack of a control group, and the extremely wide time range between injury and surgery. In addition, 27.5% of the study patients underwent meniscal repair without ACLR of the ACL-deficient knee, which is a confounding factor to the study results.
Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that loaded deep knee flexion may be safe after a period of restricted rehabilitation, and clinical and radiologic tissue healing is independent of the overall functional outcome.
Arthroscopic all-inside meniscal repair—Does the meniscus heal? A clinical and radiological follow-up examination to verify meniscal healing using a 3-T MRI.
The authors report no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this article. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
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